Cram Sheet
January 20, 2006
AP Bio Cram Sheet
Ch 2:
1. Elements of life
2. Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen bonds
3. Reactants and Products
4. Equilibrium
Ch 3.:
5. Polar Molecules
6. Adhesion/Cohesion
7. Hydrophillic/hydrophobic
8. pH scale
Ch 4:
9. Carbon bonding patterns
10. Functional groups
Ch 5:
11. Polymer/monomer
12. Types of carbohydrates
13. Lipids
14. Protein structure
15. Basic structure of DNA
16. Difference between DNA and RNA
Ch6
17. Metabolism
18. Anabolism/Catabolism
19. First 2 laws of thermodynamics
20. ATP and how is works
21. Enzymes and catalysts
22. Inhibition of enzymes
Ch 7:
23. What are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
24. What are the differences between plant and animal cells
25. List the components of the cells and their function
26. What are the elements of the cytoskeleton
Ch 8:
27. What is semipermeability
28. What is hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic
29. What are the functions of membrane proteins
30. What is facilitated diffusion?
31. What is active transport
32. What is membrane potential
Ch 9:
32. Formula for cellular repiration and photosynthesis
33. What is glycolysis
34. What is the Kreb¡¦s cycle
35. What is the electrontransport chain
36. What is fermentation
Ch 10:
37. What is the difference between auto and heterotroph
38. What happens in the photosystems
39. What happens in the Calvin cycle
40. What is the diff. between C4, C3 and
Ch 11:
41. What are three ways cells can communicate with each other
42. What is a signal transduction pathway
Ch 12
43. What is binary fission
44. What are the steps of the cell cycle
45. What are the different phases of mitosis
46. How are mitosis and meiosis different
Ch 13
47. What stages of the cell cycle are haploid and which are diploid
48. What is crossing over? How does it yield new combinations of genes
49. What are the steps and final products of meiosis?
Ch 14
48. What were Mendel’s major discoveries
49. What does the law of segregation mean?
50. What are the probabilities involved with genetics (addition rule, etc..)
51. What is: incomplete dominance, co-dominance, pleiotropy, multiple alleles.
52. Know how to do a pedigree chart
Ch 15:
53. What is a sex linked gene
54. How can you map the distance of chromosomes based on how often they cross-over
55. Know what happens when there is non-disjuction
Ch16
56. Know 2-3 of the experiments, and who and what discovered them (this could be part of an essay question on the AP)
57. What is semi-conservative reproduction of DNA
58. How does DNA reproduce? What is the problem with anti-parallel arrangement, and how do our cells solve this?
Ch17
59. What is the structure of a nucleotide
60. What are the steps of protein synthesis
61. What enzymes are used and what do they do
62. What are some ways that the production of proteins are regulated
63. What are the causes of mutations, what are the causes?
Ch18
64. How do viruses infect and reproduce
65. What is a retrovirus
66. What is transduction, transformation, and conjugation
67. What is an operon, how do they work
Ch19
68. What is a possible function of non-coding DNA?
69. What is a muliti-gene family
70. What are some ways that genes are regulated (told when to make proteins or when to turn off
71. What is cancer?
Ch 20
72. What are: restriction enzymes, DNA vectors, host organisms
73. What is DNA recombination
74. How is gel electrophoresis used to analyze DNA fragments (RFLP¡¦s)
75. What is PCR?
Ch 21
What is cell differentiation?
What is a clone?
What are stem cells and why are we interested in studying them?
Ch 22
76. What is “decent with modification” what is “natural selection.”
77. What are the main factors that influence natural selection
78. What are the different types of evidences for evolution
Ch 23
79. What does it mean when a population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
80. What are some factors that determine whether or not a population is in equilibrium
81. Be able to use the formula to determine the frequency of alleles.
Difference between micro and macro evolution
Study Questions
January 19, 2006
Review Questions for Biology – C. Chinn
Directions: These will be the questions on your Final exam, for semester one. You do not have to turn these in, but you should try to do them with out the book if you can. Most of these questions will be multiple choice.
- What is a hypothesis?
- To be useful in science, a hypothesis must be?
- What is a controlled experiment?
- What is a scientific theory?
- If a microscope has an objective of 10x and a eyepiece of 10x, what is the power of magnification?
- How are multicellular and unicellular organisms alike? How are they different?
- What are the characteristics of all living things?
- What is an ionic bond?
- What is a covalent bond?
- What are hydrogen bonds?
- What is cohesion between water molecules? What is adhesion of water molecules?
- What pH is acidic, what pH is neutral, what pH is basic?
- What are some types of carbohydrates?
- What are types of lipids?
- What are 2 things that can affect how well an enzyme works?
- What are the three parts of the cell theory?
- What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?
- Which part of the cell does cellular respiration?
- Which part of the cell does photosynthesis?
- Which part of the cell makes proteins?
- Which part of the cell contains the genetic information?
- What are cell membranes made out of?
- What is diffusion?
- What is osmosis?
- If a cell with lots of solutes inside is placed in distilled (pure) water, what will happen to the cell?
- What is the difference between active and passive transport?
- What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
- What is ATP used for?
- What is the formula for photosynthesis?
- What comes out of photosynthesis?
- What comes out of cellular respiration?
- What are 2 reasons why a cell might need to divide?
- What is cancer?
- What are stem cells?
- If you cross a TT (Tall Plant) with a tt(short) plant, what are the possible offspring?
- Can two Brown eyed parents (B) have a blue eyed child (bb)?
- What is the shape of DNA? Who discovered this shape?
- What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
- What is GTC-CAA-CCT-ACC transcribe to in mRNA?
- For the same DNA sequence, what amino acids does that sequence code for?
- What are the base pairing rules?
- What does tRNA do?
- What is a frame shift mutation? What are 2 ways you can have a frameshift?
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