Study Questions 2
February 2, 2006
AP Biology Spring 2006<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = “urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office” /><o:p></o:p>
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Study Questions 26-28
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1. Put the following in order (look on chart on page 487): Origin of reptiles, oldest eukaryotic fossils, Origin of life, plants on land, extinction of dinosaurs, first animals, accumulation of oxygen, origin of multi-cellular organisms.<o:p></o:p>
2. Give a theory, for the order of things. In other words: evolutionarily thinking, why do we start with prokaryotes and end up with humans.<o:p></o:p>
3. Describe Miller and Urey’s experiment, what ingredients were used and what did they represent? What did they find, and what was the significance of their findings?<o:p></o:p>
4. What are protobionts? How could they have led to life?<o:p></o:p>
5. What are some reasons why scientists think we started in a RNA world?<o:p></o:p>
6. What is the difference between the traditional 5 kingdom system and the 6 kingdom system?<o:p></o:p>
7. What is peptidoglycan and what is its significance?<o:p></o:p>
8. What are the common shapes of prokaryotes?<o:p></o:p>
9. What are pili? What are they used for?<o:p></o:p>
10. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? <o:p></o:p>
11. What is the difference between facultative and obligate anaerobes?<o:p></o:p>
12. What is the significance of cyanobacteria?<o:p></o:p>
13. What are the major differences between archaebacteria and eubacteria?<o:p></o:p>
14. What is the evidence of an endosymbiotic theory?<o:p></o:p>
15. What are the different modes of locomotion in protozoa?<o:p></o:p>
16. What are examples of each of the major phyla of protozoans?<o:p></o:p>
17. What impact do algae have on us as humans?<o:p></o:p>
18. How are algae related to modern land plants?
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Study Questions Ch 29-32<o:p></o:p>
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1. What characteristics do Charophyceans and green plants share? How are they different?<o:p></o:p>
2. What are some of the adaptations that plants had to make in order to survive on land?<o:p></o:p>
3a. What is alternation of generations?<o:p></o:p>
3. What is the life cycle of Byrophytes? (draw – label the “ploid” numbers)<o:p></o:p>
4. What are the characteristics that separate bryophytes from other plants?<o:p></o:p>
5. What is the life cycle of Pterophyta? )draw – label the “ploid” numbers)<o:p></o:p>
6. What characteristics separate Bryophytes from Pterophytes?<o:p></o:p>
7. Draw a hypothetical phylogenetic tree for the evolution of plants from algae.<o:p></o:p>
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8. What are the advantages to having seeds compared to spores?<o:p></o:p>
9. How doe seed plants and vascular seedless plants differ? <o:p></o:p>
9b. What are the “ploid” numbers of seeds vs. adult plants?<o:p></o:p>
10. What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?<o:p></o:p>
10b. How are “evergreen” conifers suited to environments where the growing season is short?<o:p></o:p>
11. How are flowers an advantage over cones?<o:p></o:p>
11b. How does sperm delivery differ between the 4 main groups of plants that we’ve studied (moss, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants).<o:p></o:p>
12. How are fruits an evolutionary advantage?<o:p></o:p>
13. What are the different types of fruits?<o:p></o:p>
14. How do plants and insects demonstrate co-evolution?<o:p></o:p>
15. How do plants affect human existence and sustenance?<o:p></o:p>
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16. What are the main “lifestyles” that fungi use to survive?<o:p></o:p>
17. How does fungi’s structure affect its function?<o:p></o:p>
18. How do fungi reproduce?<o:p></o:p>
19. What are the main characteristics of Phylum Zygomycota?<o:p></o:p>
20. What are the main characteristics of Phylum Ascomycota?<o:p></o:p>
21. What are the main characteristics of Phylum Basidiomycota?<o:p></o:p>
22. How do lichens, molds and yeast differ from the other groups of fungi?<o:p></o:p>
23. What are the ecological and commercial impacts of fungi?<o:p></o:p>
24. What is the pathogenic impact of fungi?<o:p></o:p>
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25. What are the defining characteristics of animals? (what makes an animal?)<o:p></o:p>
26. What was most likely the common ancestor for all animals? What did this ancestor look like?<o:p></o:p>
27. What are the two main thoughts on what to base possible phylogenetic trees for animals? <o:p></o:p>
27b. What’s the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome?<o:p></o:p>
28. What is a coelom?<o:p></o:p>
28b. What is the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry?<o:p></o:p>
29. When did most animals appear on earth? Why is this considered a relatively brief amount of time?<o:p></o:p>
30. What are some factors that might have caused the Cambrian explosion of species?<o:p></o:p>
31. What is the function of the Hox gene in animals?<o:p></o:p>
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Study Questions Chapters 33-34<o:p></o:p>
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You should fill out the “Study Chart” I gave you, even though I won’t collect it, the material on it will definitely be on this exam as well as the AP test.<o:p></o:p>
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These can be short answers, most can be 1-2 sentences, describing and defining these terms.<o:p></o:p>
1) In what ways (name the characteristics) is Porifera on the edge between animal and non-animal?<o:p></o:p>
2) In what ways is Porifera similar to Protista?<o:p></o:p>
3) How does a hermaphroditic life style help animals that don’t move very well?<o:p></o:p>
4) Draw and label a polyp and medusa stage of Cnidaria.<o:p></o:p>
5) How do Cnidocytes work?<o:p></o:p>
6) How do Cnidarians reproduce?<o:p></o:p>
7) What is a gastrovascular cavity?<o:p></o:p>
8) What does it mean to be cephalized?<o:p></o:p>
9) What is a significant health impact that Platyhelmenthes has?<o:p></o:p>
10) What is parthenogenesis? How does it help a species?<o:p></o:p>
11) What is the digestive breakthrough that Rotifera makes? Describe it.<o:p></o:p>
12) What is a proboscis?<o:p></o:p>
13) What is the circulatory advance that Nemertea makes? Describe it.<o:p></o:p>
14) What is a radula, and what’s its function?<o:p></o:p>
15) What is torsion?<o:p></o:p>
16) What are metanepridia? What are they used for?<o:p></o:p>
17) Describe the exoskeleton of the arthropods.<o:p></o:p>
18) What is unique about the way Class Arachnida respire?<o:p></o:p>
19) What is a malpighian tube? What does it do?<o:p></o:p>
20) What is the purpose of metamorphosis in insects?<o:p></o:p>
21) What is segmentation?<o:p></o:p>
22) What is a water vascular system?<o:p></o:p>
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23) What are the 2 main groups of deuterostomes? Describe each.<o:p></o:p>
24) What is a notoccord? Do humans have one?<o:p></o:p>
25) What are pharyngeal slits?<o:p></o:p>
26) Draw a simplified (words only) version of the cladogram on page 684… you may have to draw it again… soon… ( you can group Osteichthyes into one group, and you can also group the 3 reptiles into one group).<o:p></o:p>
27) What does it mean to be oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous? (what are the differences)<o:p></o:p>
28) What is a lateral line system?<o:p></o:p>
29) What’s the function of a swim bladder?<o:p></o:p>
30) Describe how fish possibly adapted to live on land and speciate into amphibians?<o:p></o:p>
31) How are amphibians still tied to water?<o:p></o:p>
32) What is an ectotherm? <o:p></o:p>
33) What evidence is there that dinosaurs were endothermic?<o:p></o:p>
34) What are some of the adaptations that birds have to allow flight?<o:p></o:p>
35) What traits allow mammals to inhabit almost every area of the earth?<o:p></o:p>
36) What advantage was an opposable thumb? <o:p></o:p>
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Study Questions Chapters 40-44 (Through chapter 43 due 4/13, to be stamped and returned, turn in all including chapter 44, on the day of the test 4/15). <o:p></o:p>
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Ch 40<o:p></o:p>
1. What are the different types of tissues? How do the structures of these tissues match their functions?<o:p></o:p>
2. How does body shape affect interactions with the environment? Give some examples.<o:p></o:p>
3. Define Homeostasis. What are some environmental factors that affect it.<o:p></o:p>
4. What is the difference between positive and negative feedback? <o:p></o:p>
5. How do metabolic rates differ between endothermic and ectothermic organisms?<o:p></o:p>
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Ch 41<o:p></o:p>
1. What is the difference between undernourished and malnourished?<o:p></o:p>
2. What are essential amino acids? Give an example of one, and what happens if a human doesn’t get that amino acid.<o:p></o:p>
3. Define: 3a) ingestion, 3b) digestion, 3c) absorption, and 3d) elimination.<o:p></o:p>
4. What is the function of a vitamin?<o:p></o:p>
5. Define and give examples of: 5a) Suspension feeders 5b) Substrate feeders 5c) Deposit Feeders 5d) Fluid Feeders 5e) and Bulk feeders.<o:p></o:p>
6. What is the function of saliva?<o:p></o:p>
7. What substances help digest food in the stomach?<o:p></o:p>
8. In what ways are the small intestines designed for maximum absorption?<o:p></o:p>
9. What do the large intestines do for us?<o:p></o:p>
10. What are the functions of the liver?<o:p></o:p>
11. What are the enzymes used for digesting: 11a) proteins? 11b) Fats? 11c) Nucleic Acids?<o:p></o:p>
12. How are the digestive structures of a herbivore and a carnivore different? How does the structure affect function?<o:p></o:p>
13. How do cows demonstrate symbiosis, in their digestive tracts?<o:p></o:p>
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Ch 42<o:p></o:p>
1. What are the differences between an open and closed circulatory system? What’s the difference between blood and hemolymph?<o:p></o:p>
2. What is the order that blood flows through each of the systems, for example 2 Chambered: Atrium, Ventricle, gill capillaries, systemic capillaries.<o:p></o:p>
3. What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle? Define them. <o:p></o:p>
4. What are the valves of the mammalian heart? How do they work?<o:p></o:p>
5. How do mammals control heart rhythm?<o:p></o:p>
6. What are the two measurements that make up blood pressure? What does each number represent?<o:p></o:p>
7. What is the composition of blood? (what is it made of, and how much of each?)<o:p></o:p>
8. What are 3 different ways that gas exchange can take place in animals? Describe the structures involved.<o:p></o:p>
9. What is countercurrent gas exchange? How does it keep fish blood rich in O<SUB>2</SUB><o:p></o:p>
10. How do insects get enough O<SUB>2</SUB> to be able to survive?<o:p></o:p>
11. How is breathing controlled? What part of the brain that controls it?<o:p></o:p>
12. How are gases loaded and unloaded in lungs?<o:p></o:p>
13. How is the diaphragm used to inhale and exhale?<o:p></o:p>
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Ch 43<o:p></o:p>
1. What are 5 things that your body has or does to fight invasions (defense mechanisms) from bacteria or viruses.<o:p></o:p>
2. Define: 2a) phagocytosis? 2b) complement system 2c) interferons 2d) antigen 2e) antibodies<o:p></o:p>
3. What is humoral immunity? How does it differ from cell mediated immunity?<o:p></o:p>
4. What are the various roles that helper T cells have in the immune system?<o:p></o:p>
5. What is a vaccination? How do they lead to immunity?<o:p></o:p>
6. Why is HIV such a difficult (if not impossible) virus for our body to defend itself against?<o:p></o:p>
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Ch 44<o:p></o:p>
1. Define the 4 processes that account for heat gain or loss in organisms.<o:p></o:p>
2. How do vasodilation and vasoconstriction affect heat gain or loss?<o:p></o:p>
3. What are some ways that endotherms regulate heat?<o:p></o:p>
4. What are heat-shock proteins?<o:p></o:p>
5. Define: 5a) topor 5b) hibernation 5c) estivation<o:p></o:p>
6. Define the different waste products, what advantage is their to each, and give an example organism for each: 6a) Ammonia 6b) Urea 6c) Uric Acid <o:p></o:p>
7. What is reabsorption and why is reabsorption by the kidneys so necessary for terrestrial life?<o:p></o:p>
8. How is filtration accomplished by the kidneys?<o:p></o:p>
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Study Questions Chapter 45<o:p></o:p>
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1. Basic Definitions: 1a) Hormone 1b) Target Cells 1c) Endocrine System<o:p></o:p>
2. What are the main steps of a signal transduction pathway. <o:p></o:p>
3) List Where the following Enzymes are: Made, the Represented action and what Regulates the them: 3a) Growth Hormone 3b) Prolactin 3c) Follicle-stimulating Hormone 3d) Leuteinizing hormone 3e) Insulin and Glucagon 3f) Epinephrine 3g) Androgens and Estrogens 3h) Melatonin<o:p></o:p>
4) What role does the hypothalamus play in vertebrates?<o:p></o:p>
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Ch 46<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = “urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office” /><o:p></o:p>
1) Why would an animal alternate between sexual and asexual (parthenogenesis) reproduction (what are the advantages and disadvantages) <o:p></o:p>
2) What is sequential hermaphroditism? What is an advantage for a species doing this?<o:p></o:p>
3) What are gonads? What are they in humans?<o:p></o:p>
4) What are the advantages of external and internal fertilization?<o:p></o:p>
5) How are sperm formed?<o:p></o:p>
6) What hormones are involved with a female’s menstrual cycle. What do they each do?<o:p></o:p>
7) How is lactation initiated in mammals?<o:p></o:p>
8) What is in vitro fertilization? How is it accomplished?<o:p></o:p>
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Ch 47<o:p></o:p>
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1) How does an egg prevent more than one sperm from entering it?<o:p></o:p>
2) Describe gastrulation in your own words.<o:p></o:p>
3) What is a blastula, what does it look like?<o:p></o:p>
4) What organs arise from the: Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm? Name 3 for each.<o:p></o:p>
5) Draw a frog embryo “Late in Gastrulation”, labeling the three main types of germ layers.<o:p></o:p>
6) What is organogenesis.<o:p></o:p>
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Ch 48<o:p></o:p>
1) Give an example of how the nervous system interacts with the endocrine system<o:p></o:p>
2 What is the difference between an effector and an affector nerve?<o:p></o:p>
3) What is membrane potential? How is it maintained?<o:p></o:p>
4) What is the refractory period? When is it over?<o:p></o:p>
5) What are neurotransmitters? What effects the following have on the body: epinephrine, dopamine and serotonin.<o:p></o:p>
6) What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous responses?<o:p></o:p>
7) What is a spinal reflex?<o:p></o:p>
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Study tips: (you don’t have to answer these for the study questions, but you should know for the test:<o:p></o:p>
- Matching: Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pons, Medulla Oblongata<o:p></o:p>
- Matching: Brain waves with stage of mental consciousness.<o:p></o:p>
