Biology Lesson - Cellular Respiration
June 30, 2008
Cellular Respiration Lesson
Answer the questions in your notebook (YOU DO NOT NEED TO COPY THE QUESTIONS).
These web sites allow you to observe and learn about respiration in general and the electron transport chain of cellular respiration in more detail.
Go to: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ETS.html
1. Watch the animation of the Electron Transport chain.
a. As a proton (H+) leaves NADH, the proton moves from which part of the mitochondrion to which other part of the mitochondrion? From the brown side (_____________) to the green side (______________________ _____________).
b. Where does the electron move? Through a series of e______________ c__________________, also called protein carriers.
c. As the first w_______ molecule gets split, the H+ moves from which part of the mitochondrion to which other part of the mitochondrion?
2. According to the Key Points
a. What is the terminal electron acceptor? This explains why we need to breathe _________________; we need it to be the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
b. What is produced as this molecule combines with electrons and H+ ? So ___________, along with the CO2 (carbon dioxide) that you exhale, is also a product of respiration.
Go to: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ATPmito.html
1. Describe Step 1 and Step 2 of ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.
2. In Step 2, the movement of the protons (+) back through channels is coupled to _________ synthesis. This is how ATP is made. ATP is the energy currency in your cells - no ATP, no e _ _ _ _ y.
3. Thinking question (not on the web site). There is a theme in biology: ‘form fits function.’ What that means is that the shape or structure of things is related to how those things do their job. The inside of the mitochondrion has many folds with lots of energy complexes, or protein carriers. How does the form of your mitochondria (lots of folds) improve the function of your mitochondria (to give you energy in the form of ATP). Hint: folds increase the surface area.
Go to: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/Common/respiration.html
Click on Go and use the tutorial to learn. Make sure you use the �Animate� button wherever possible; it really helps!!
Click GO 3 times.
1. Where is the machinery of respiration located in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Click GO 2 more times.
- In the beginning of the year, many of you sid that all living things need oxygen to survive. This web site shows you that this is NOT TRUE, because many species of ____________________ can use terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen, such as nitrate, _____________, carbon dioxide, and a few others. This is called ______________________ respiration.
Click GO 1 time, then click on Make ATP, then click on GO 2 times.
- Proton motion causes ___________________ of the complex, which allows ADP and phosphate (Pi) to be joined into __________.
Click GO again.
4. For every ____ H+ ions that push through the ATP synthase, ____ ATP is made.
Summer School Students: You do NOT need to do the following. Regular full year students DO.
Go to: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/problem_sets/metabolism/metabolism.html
Take the quiz. Do only #�s 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17. Do not copy the question, but write out the answer.
Biology Lesson - Photosynthesis
June 30, 2008
Photosynthesis Lesson 10/16/06
Go to http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html
1. Write down the equation for photosynthesis.
2. Write down what the equation means in words.
3. What is the name of the main pigment responsible for photosynthesis?
4. What three types of living things do photosynthesis?
5. What two things are produced by photosynthesis that we need to survive?
6. Copy the diagram of A Typical Plant (a drawing).
7. What is a leaf?
8. a. What enters the leaf?
8. b. What leaves the leaf?
9. What are the specialized plant cells that carry water up the plants? X __ ___ __ __
10. a. What is the waxy layer that covers the leaf called? C __ __ __ __ __ __
10. b. This waxy layer is pro__ __ __ __ __ __ __.
11. Carbon dioxide and oxygen can enter and leave the leaf through S __ __ __ __ __ __.
12. How many gallons of water does the cottonwood tree lose on a hot desert day?
13. All photosynthetic organisms have a pigment called ________________________ _______.
14. What are accessory pigments?
15. List three accessory pigments.
Look at the two graphs called Absorption spectrum of several plant pigments (left) and action spectrum of elodea (right), a common aquarium plant used in lab experiments about photosynthesis.
Look at the graph on the right. Anacharis water plant does photosynthesis the fastest (highest rate) at what two wavelengths? _________ nm and __________ nm
16. The first process is the Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions). This process requires light energy to make what?
17. The Light Independent Process (or Dark Reactions) uses the products of the Light Reaction to form C-C covalent bonds of ___________________.
18. Copy the diagram: “Overview of the two steps in the photosynthesis process”
19. In the Light Dependent Process (Light Reactions), light energy is converted into ______ and _________.
20. What is a photosystem?
Look at the diagram “Chemiosmosis as it operates in photophosphorylation within a chloroplast.” Look at the picture on the right. NADP+ is changed into __________ and ADP is changed into ______.
21. Six molecules of carbon dioxide enter the ____________ cycle, eventually forming ____ ____________ of glucose.
Go to http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/methuselah/photosynthesis.html#
Click on Illuminating Photosynthesis
Click on ATOMIC SHUFFLE.
Keep clicking Next until you find the answers.
22. With the energy gained from sunlight, what is done with the H’s from water?
23. Where does the Oxygen go?
24. How does the CO2 get into the leaf?
25. Draw the molecule structure of glucose.
26. Click on NOTE ABOUT THIS EQUATION. What does this tell you about the source of Oxygen that is produced during photosynthesis?
27. Click on THREE PUZZLERS. Summarize the three questions and the three answers.
Biology Lesson - Enzymes
June 27, 2008
Go to http://www.cellsalive.com/cgi-bin/search/search.pl?Terms=enzyme
Click on #2 on the list. Click on Animal Cell. Click on Lysosome.
1. What kind of enzyme is found in lysosomes?
2. How do white blood cells eat bacteria?
3. If the lysosome releases its contents into the cell in an uncontrolled way, what happens?
4. What is the organelle that is responsible for protecting the cell from hydrogen peroxide?
5. Peroxisomes contain _____________ enzymes.
Click Back.
Click on #1 on the list.
6. HIV is viral RNA that is reverse-transcribed into a strand of DNA. Next, it must be inserted into the DNA of the lymphocyte (human white blood cell). What is the name of the enzyme that the virus (HIV) has which facilitates incorporation of the viral DNA in to the host cell’s (human’s) DNA?
7. Scroll down the page. HIV has 9 genes which code for structural proteins and enzymes like ________________ ___________________, ___________________, and a crucial enzyme called a ___________________.
Click Back.
Click on #3 on the list.
8. What is the function of viral (HIV) protease?
9. If people are infected with HIV they can take protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors work by blocking the ability of the _________________ to ____________ the viral (HIV) polypeptide into functional _______________.
Click Back.
Click on #4 on the list.
10. Without reverse transcriptase, the viral (HIV) genome couldn’t become incorporated in the __________ (human) cell, and couldn’t __________________.
11. If you were a doctor, would you want to improve the function of reverse transcrptase or inhibit the function of reverse trancriptase in an HIV positive patient? Explain.
12. It is difficult to make a vaccine against HIV because its ________________ __________________ are continually ____________________.
Click Back.
Click on #7 on the list
13. What is the name of the enzyme that bacteria use to avoid the effect of penicillin?
14. Have you noticed? The names of most enzymes end in the letters ___ ___ ___.
Go to http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_enzymes.html
15. Enzymes are the biological substance that acts as c __ __ a l __ __ __ __ and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life.
16. We can think of enzymes as very specific ________ and the compounds they work with are the special _______.
17. Copy the 3 diagrams showing the enzyme turning two substrate molecules into product.
18. What is the substrate?
19. We can think of the ___________ _______ of the enzyme as the keyhole of the lock.
20. During catalysis, the substrate is changed. It could be ____________ _________ or _______________ with another molecule to make something new.
21. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to ____________; the enzyme is NOT changed when it ‘helps’ a substrate turn into a product!!
Click on - Enz. Regulation in the top right banner.
22. Why does temperature affect the enzyme’s activity?
23. What do activators do?
24. What does acidity, i.e. pH, do to enzymes?
25. What do inhibitors do?
26. Give two examples of real world inhibitors.
27. Copy the 2 pictures of the inhibitor bonding the enzyme and the resulting blockage of the substrate.
Copy the question (the last sentence if it is a long paragraph) and the answer.
Do #1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16
Write a summary paragraph (at least 3 sentences) about what you learned about enzymes from the internet today.
Biology Lesson - Cell Membranes
June 27, 2008
Computer Lab – Cell Membrane Questions
Answer these questions in your notebook. Copy the answers in the space below.
I. Go to http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/membrane.html
a. Write down the ten functions of the cell membrane.
II. Go to http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/osmosis.html
b. ________ times the volume of the cell diffuses across the red blood cell membrane every second.
c. In such situations, water still moves across membranes by simple diffusion, but the process is important enough to warrant a distinct name - ______________.
d. ______________ is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane.
e. The key to remember about osmosis is that water flows from the solution with the ____________ solute concentration into the solution with ____________ solute concentration.
f. Look at the diagram of Solution A and Solution B, which are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Into which compartment will water flow, or will there be no net movement of water?
III. Go to http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_sets/membranes/index.html
Answer Questions #1,4,7,14,16. Just write the one correct answer.
