Environmental Science (5th period) Lesson 9/30/08
September 30, 2008
Read pages 44-45 from the Environmental Science Book (in Purple: “Natural Selection and the Peppered Moth of England”)
Answer Thinking Critically on page 45 #1 & 2.
Then continue with the following questions:
3. What preys on (eats) the peppered moth?
4. If the bark of trees is dark and the moths that rest there are light-colored, what will happen to the moths?
5. What is a mutation? (look in the glossary of thte turtle book or the internet)
6. What could have caused the first dark-colored moth to occur?
7. What caused the tree trunks of many trees in England to turn from a light color to a dark color?
8. Which variety of moth increased from 1845 until the 1950’s?
9. What is the name of this type of evolutionary change? n_____________ s____________
Go to http://www.millerandlevine.com/km/evol/Moths/moths.html
10. According to the web site, what is the conclusion that many scientists “jumped to” about the carbonaria form of the moth.
11. How has the countryside improved in recent years and why?
12. In recent years, what has happened to the carbonaria form (increased or decreased in number)?
13. Did Michael E.N. Majerus consider Kettlewell’s experiments to be correct or incorrect?
14. Describe 3 criticisms that Majerus had of Kettewell’s experiments. (Hint: they have to do with where Kettlewell placed moths, how birds see ultraviolet, and migration of moths).
15. Is the story of the peppered moth “faked” or “incorrect”?
16. What should be done to be absolutely certain of exactly how natural selection produced the rise and fall of the carbonaria form?
17. So, Kettlewell’s experiments were not wrong, but they were I N C __ __ P L __ __ __.
18. Is the rise and fall of dark-colored moths (industrial melanism) an example of natural selection?
Biology Lesson 9/30/08: Internet Activity - Enzyme Animations
September 30, 2008
Internet Activity – Enzyme Animations
Go to http://www.lewport.wnyric.org/JWANAMAKER/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html
1. Enzymes are p______________ that help to speed up chemical reactions in the body.
2. Each enzyme has only ______ reaction that it can help.
3. Enzymes are not ____________ when they perform their function.
4. The __________ of an enzyme is what determines its function.
5. High _________________________ or extreme _____ values may affect the shape of an enzyme molecule. This process, called _____________________ will make the enzyme less effective or even useless.
6. In a reaction without an enzyme, the molecules collided often, but they did not meet at the correct ___________ to form a bond.
7. When the simple sugar molecules fit against the enzyme, they are __________________ properly to react and make a larger molecule. A _________ can now form between the small molecules, linking them together.
8. Once the new double sugar molecule leaves the enzyme, the enzyme is ___________________ and can help two more molecules to ____________.
9. In the animation about specificness of enzymes, the first double sugar molecule can fit into the _______________ enzyme but not the green one. The second double sugar molecule in the animation, a ____-sided sugar with a six-sided sugar, was able to fit into the ___________ enzyme.
10. Some enzymes can form p __ __ __ __ __ __ s like proteins, s____________, and D_____, by helping sub_________ to connect together into long chains.
11. Heat or a change in pH can change the ______________ of an enzyme. The process of changing an enzyme’s shape is called ___________________. The process cannot be __________________, so this enzyme will not work anymore.
Go to http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.evo.toxicnewts/
Read the Background Essay.
12. The “arms race” relationships between organisms locked in strugges of adaption and escalation are examples of co_______________.
13. Often the pressure to adapt comes from what?
14. The _______________ __________ is a predator of the newt Taricha granulosa.
15. As some snakes have become resistant to the newt’s toxin, some newts have appeared, survived, and thrived that are more ________________.
16. Some newts have evolved a ______________ that makes them hard for the snake to _____________.
17. a. If a predator reduces the prey population too much, what can happen to the predator species?
b. There is a critical ______________ number of organisms needed for a species to survive.
c. Often predator and prey _________ in a balance of nature, because they are inter__________________.
Environmental Science (5th period) Lesson 9/29
September 29, 2008
Go to http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.evo.leaf/
Click on View to watch the video. It may help to have captions on.
1. ___________________ has deep roots in the history of life.
2. Some _____ to _____ million years ago, leaf-cutter _______ and a ______________ formed a partnership in the Amazonian rain forest.
3. Most tropical plants are permeated with _________ chemicals. The ants don’t eat the plants; they feed the leaves to another organism: a ______________.
4. Leaf-cutters cultivate a ____________ that breaks down the toxins in the leaves and swells with _____________ and _____________, the ants’ food.
5. Both the ants and the cultivated fungus are ___________________ on each other for living.
6. Did the ants have a pest in their gardens?
7. a. What were the white waxy mats on the ants’ bodies?
b. These mats were made of the _________________ that produce half the _____________________ used in human medicine.
c. Are these ants using these bacteria to control the pests in their gardens?
d. Why hasn’t this mold/pest in the ants’ gardens developed antibiotic resistance?
Go back to the website: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.evo.leaf/
Read the Background Essay.
8. The alliance between the leaf-cutter ants and the fungus is an example of _____________________, a form of symbiosis that is an ________________ relationship between different organisms whose _____________________ depends on one another.
9. List 3 other examples of mutualism.
10. Symbiosis relationships develop through ________________, reciprocal adaptations between interacting _______________. It includes mutualism, com__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (p. 42 in your book) and par__ __ __ __ __ __ __ (p. 41 in your book).
11. According to E.O. Wilson, symbiosis is responsible for a great deal of Earth’s ___________________________.
Go to http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.evo.toxicnewts/
Read the Background Essay.
12. The “arms race” relationships between organisms locked in strugges of adaption and escalation are examples of co_______________.
13. Often the pressure to adapt comes from what?
14. The _______________ __________ is a predator of the newt Taricha granulosa.
15. As some snakes have become resistant to the newt’s toxin, some newts have appeared, survived, and thrived that are more ________________.
16. Some newts have evolved a ______________ that makes them hard for the snake to _____________.
17. a. If a predator reduces the prey population too much, what can happen to the predator species?
b. There is a critical ______________ number of organisms needed for a species to survive.
c. Often predator and prey _________ in a balance of nature, because they are inter__________________.
Environmental Science (5th period) Lesson 9/23/08
September 23, 2008
Enosha African Park Lesson
Click on THE FOOD CHAIN.
1. In the example on the web site, the cheetah is the __________________ and the zebra is the _________.
2. What does a food chain explain?
3. Every living thing in a food chain is either a _____________ or a _________.
4. How do producers obtain energy?
5. How do consumers get energy?
Click Back. Click on THE HUNT IS ON.
6. The cheetah leaves the ground twice when it is running – once with its legs completely _______________, then with its legs tightly ________ beneath its body. How can the cheetah do this?
7. How does a tail aid the cheetah?
8. If one jackal closes in on a springbok, the other jackals ________________ their animals and focus instead on the single _______.
Click Back. Click on WHAT’S FOR DINNER.
9. What is the word for plant-eating animals?
10. List three herbivores in Etosha.
11. The zebra’s feces help ________________ the ground and causes new grass to grow.
12. The dead zebra can feed jackals or _____________. Dead flesh is called ______________.
13. The bones of the zebra get broken down by ______________.
14. Only the largest plant-eating consumers, such as __________ and _____________, avoid becoming prey for predators, though young animals of both species are sometimes victims of large __________.
Click Back. Click on ANTHRAX.
15. What causes Anthrax?
16. How do animals get the disease?
17. What do elephants do to protect themselves from the heat and to ward off insects?
18. Elephants sometimes eat anthrax, which can lay ___________ in the dust for a long time.
Go to http://www.pbs.org/edens/etosha/inwild.htm
19. When gravel roads were constructed to reach Etosha National Park, large gravel pits were dug close to the routes. These pits filled with ___________, and the water became alkaline (opposite of acidic) due to the _____________ _________ present. Anthrax thrives under _______________ conditions, and many herbivores died.
20. Describe what happened to the wildebeest, zebra, and lion populations as a result of the anthrax.
Click on More.
21. Why are young male lions expelled from their birth pride?
22. Why did the lion population drop from 500 to 240?
23. A cooperative relationship between park wardens and the __________ is essential.
24. Many lions have FIV, or ______________ _______________________ ____________, which is similar to HIV in humans. Etosha’s lions may be used to restock lions in the Serengeti, where ______ percent of lions have FIV.
Click on More.
25. Since wild dogs are profoundly ___________ in their behavior, efforts to re-introduce them have resulted in the dogs dying either from ___________ or falling prey to _________.
26. Poaching is a threat to the rhinoceros and the elephant. People take the horns from the rhinoceros, which deprives a rhinoceros of its natural _______________, so it becomes defenseless to _______ attacks.
27. Write a paragraph (at least 3 sentences) describing what you learned from the Etosha web site today.
Biology Lesson - Enzymes
September 22, 2008
Go to http://www.cellsalive.com/cgi-bin/search/search.pl?Terms=enzyme
Click on #2 on the list. Click on Animal Cell. Click on Lysosome.
1. What kind of enzyme is found in lysosomes?
2. How do white blood cells eat bacteria?
3. If the lysosome releases its contents into the cell in an uncontrolled way, what happens?
4. What is the organelle that is responsible for protecting the cell from hydrogen peroxide?
5. Peroxisomes contain _____________ enzymes.
Click Back.
Click on #1 on the list.
6. HIV is viral RNA that is reverse-transcribed into a strand of DNA. Next, it must be inserted into the DNA of the lymphocyte (human white blood cell). What is the name of the enzyme that the virus (HIV) has which facilitates incorporation of the viral DNA in to the host cell’s (human’s) DNA?
7. Scroll down the page. HIV has 9 genes which code for structural proteins and enzymes like ________________ ___________________, ___________________, and a crucial enzyme called a ___________________.
Click Back.
Click on #3 on the list.
8. What is the function of viral (HIV) protease?
9. If people are infected with HIV they can take protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors work by blocking the ability of the _________________ to ____________ the viral (HIV) polypeptide into functional _______________.
Click Back.
Click on #4 on the list.
10. Without reverse transcriptase, the viral (HIV) genome couldn’t become incorporated in the __________ (human) cell, and couldn’t __________________.
11. If you were a doctor, would you want to improve the function of reverse transcrptase or inhibit the function of reverse trancriptase in an HIV positive patient? Explain.
12. It is difficult to make a vaccine against HIV because its ________________ __________________ are continually ____________________.
Click Back.
Click on #7 on the list
13. What is the name of the enzyme that bacteria use to avoid the effect of penicillin?
14. Have you noticed? The names of most enzymes end in the letters ___ ___ ___.
Go to http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_enzymes.html
15. Enzymes are the biological substance that acts as c __ __ a l __ __ __ __ and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life.
16. We can think of enzymes as very specific ________ and the compounds they work with are the special _______.
17. Copy the 3 diagrams showing the enzyme turning two substrate molecules into product.
18. What is the substrate?
19. We can think of the ___________ _______ of the enzyme as the keyhole of the lock.
20. During catalysis, the substrate is changed. It could be ____________ _________ or _______________ with another molecule to make something new.
21. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to ____________; the enzyme is NOT changed when it ‘helps’ a substrate turn into a product!!
Click on - Enz. Regulation in the top right banner.
22. Why does temperature affect the enzyme’s activity?
23. What do activators do?
24. What does acidity, i.e. pH, do to enzymes?
25. What do inhibitors do?
26. Give two examples of real world inhibitors.
27. Copy the 2 pictures of the inhibitor bonding the enzyme and the resulting blockage of the substrate.
Copy the question (the last sentence if it is a long paragraph) and the answer.
Do #1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16
Write a summary paragraph (at least 3 sentences) about what you learned about enzymes from the internet today.
Environmental Science Lesson 9/19/08
September 19, 2008
Go to http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/lsps07.sci.life.oate.ecosystem/
Click on View (if it asks for login and password, just click on “Take a Test Drive”)
Use the flash animation to answer the questions:
1. What are all 10 biotic components of this ecosystem?
2. What are all 6 abiotic components of this ecosystem?
3. What is the definition of mimicry?
4. What is an example of mimicry in this ecosystem?
5. Give two examples of producers from this ecosystem.
6. Give three examples of consumers from this ecosystem.
Go back to the main page: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/lsps07.sci.life.oate.ecosystem/
Click on Background Essay.
7. An ocean is an ecosystem but not a puddle…….true….false
8. The biotic components of an ecosystem are the __________ _______________ of that ecosystem.
9. Give 4 examples of abiotic components of an ecosystem.
10. Give one example of how biotic components depend on their abiotic counterparts.
11. Producers convert _____________ into _______________ energy through ____________________.
12. ______________ feed on producers.
13. What two groups are the primary recyclers in an ecosystem? Can you think of an example of a decomoposer?
14. Decomposers and scavengers return essential elements, such as _____________ and _______________ to the ecosystem.
15. The feeding relationships among living things in an ecosystem can be portrayed in complex models called ______ _____. Go to http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/images/tutorials/ecology/trophic_levels/foodweb.gif
List 9 of the organisms in the food web.
16. New elements, whether abiotic or biotic, tend to __________ ecoystems when they are introduced.
17. Species can either adapt to the changed conditions, or the change can lead to ecological _____________ and the _________ of many species.
18. How are humans affecting ecosystems?
Click on the Standards tab.
19. This tab lists the United States National Standards [Biology Concepts] that you need to know. Copy all of the information under “Populations and Ecosystems” (because it is IMPORTANT!!)
Go to http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/lsps07.sci.life.eco.oceanfoodweb/
20. Click on View. Play the Food Web Game. When you complete the food web, copy the food web into your notebook.
Conclusions about Wednesday’s Transect/Plot Activity at Fort Mason:
21. a. Did you make a transect or plot?
b. How many organisms did you find in your plot (in the time we were there)?
c. How many producers?
d. How many consumers?
e. Do you think your transect/plot showed a lot of biodiversity? Explain.
f. If you weren’t able to identify something, use the web sites below to help you identify plants and animals:
Most of the small plants were weeds: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/weeds_common.html
For insects: http://www.insectidentification.org/insect_photos.asp
Links for Science Teachers
September 16, 2008
Standards: http://www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/
CST Released Questions & Blueprints: http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/tg/sr/resources.asp
Biology Lesson - 2nd,3rd, & 6th periods - Cell Membranes
September 12, 2008
Cell Membrane Questions
Answer these questions in your notebook.
I. Go to http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/membrane.html
a. Write down the ten functions of the cell membrane.
II. Go to http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/osmosis.html
b. ________ times the volume of the cell diffuses across the red blood cell membrane every second.
c. In such situations, water still moves across membranes by simple diffusion, but the process is important enough to warrant a distinct name - ______________.
d. ______________ is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane.
e. The key to remember about osmosis is that water flows from the solution with the ____________ solute concentration into the solution with ____________ solute concentration.
f. Look at the diagram of Solution A and Solution B, which are separated by a semipermeable membrane. Into which compartment will water flow, or will there be no net movement of water?
III. Go to http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_sets/membranes/index.html
Answer Questions #1,4,7,14,16. Just write the one correct answer.
Environmental Science (5th period) Lesson 9/12/08
September 12, 2008
Go to http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ket08.sci.ess.watcyc.farmsol/
Watch the movie.
1. The farmer’s name is ___________ ________.
2. For generations his family has used the __________ to wash the manure away from the farm.
3. He started working with the ______ Conservation ___________ to lessen the amount of ___________ he had and to utilize the manure better as a _________________ source.
4. His liquid manure goes into a _____________ and a half gallon containment system.
5. “When you get 20 or 30 cows in one little pool, it really gets pretty __________.
Go back to http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/ket08.sci.ess.watcyc.farmsol/
and read the Background Essay.
6. Small farming operations often have to balance what two concerns?
7. What are three examples of sources for point source pollution?
8. What are two Acts that were passed to reduce the amount of pollution from point sources?
9. What is non-point source pollution?
10. List four examples of non-point sources.
11. Even though individual farms, lawns, and roads produce relatively small quantities of pollutants, there are so many of these non-point sources that their _____________ effect makes non-point source pollution the _____________ ___________ threat to America’s water quality.
12. a. What 3 elements does manure contain?
b. Too much of these elements/nutrients causes _________ blooms.
c. What are the four events that occur after these algal blooms that lead to eutrophication?
13. Describe three ways that manure can be kept out of the streams.
14. What does a buffer strip do?
15. How can beneficial insects help to prevent non-point source pollution?
Cell Video Questions
September 9, 2008
1. What organelle transports nutrients, wastes, and cell products?
2. Endoplasmic reticulum is actually a network of sacs and _____________.
3. What are the 2 types of ER?
4. Rough ER extends from the ____________.
5. Rough ER is covered with _____________.
6. Cellls that make a lot of proteins have more ________________ than those that make fewer proteins.
7. Rough ER is also a ____________ area for proteins.
8. Smooth ER is also a ____________ area.
9. _______________ are the most numerous structures in the cell.
10. All living things rely on _____________, which is why _________________ are so abundant.
11. Explain the difference between the function of ribosomes on the Rough ER and free ribosomes.
12. The Golgi Apparatus ____________, _____________, ____________, and __________________ proteins and lipids throughout the cell.
13. What are the three possible fates of proteins and lipids?
14. Lysosomes contain over _____ different powerful enzymes that enable the cell to digest and destroy large molecules.
15. Lysosomes help to do what?
a. _______________ viruses and bacteria.
b. recycle old ______________.
c. break down _______ molecules.
16. Mitochondria are the p________________ of the cell, generating energy in the form of __ __ __.
17. Cells that require more energy have more __________________.
18. Mitochondria have a folded inner _______________ to increase the surface area for chemical reactions to happen
Biology Lesson - Cell Structure and Function
September 8, 2008
Go to http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.animplant/
1. How many different types of specialized cells exist in the human body?
2. What does the nucleus contain?
3. What is cytoplasm?
4. What do mitochondria produce?
5. What do ribosomes synthesize?
6. What does the endoplasmic reticulum store and transport?
7. What do the Golgi bodies do?
8. Lysosomes contain as many as ____ different _____________ used to break down large molecules.
9. Plant and animal cells both have all of the organelles described in questions #2 through #8……………….true………false
10. What are chloroplasts?
11. Photosynthesis is in many ways the opposite of ___________ ___________________.
12. In aerobic respiration, __________ molecules are combined with _______________ to produce energy and __________ _______________.
13. In photosynthesis, _______________ use energy from the _______ to convert ______________ ______________ and water into food molecules like ______________ and other carbohydrates.
14. The plant cell wall gives the plant the rigidity it needs to stand up under pressure from ________, _______, and snow.
15. The plant cell wall is made of _______________ and cross-linked carbohydrate fibers. This pattern helps the plant cell to withstand the internal pressure from the absorption of ___________.
Go to http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.cell.cellgallery/
Click on View.
Copy (draw) the Epithelial cell and label the nucleus. Copy the Paramecium cell.
16. Write a short paragraph (3 sentences) comparing these 6 types of cells.
Read the Background Essay.
17. Every organism (living thing) is either made up of large interconnected _________ of cells or is itself a free-floating and ______________ cell.
18. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The majority of prokaryotes are _____________. All other cells are eukaryotic and keep most of their genetic material (DNA) in a ________.
HONORS BIOLOGY and extra credit for 2nd period: Do research on the internet to find out where eukaryotic cells store some of their DNA (in what 2 organelles besides the nucleus).
19. Prokaryotes range from ____ to ____ microns (0.001 mm).
20. Eukaryotic cells average about ______ microns, while others, like the human egg cell, measure _______ or more microns across.
21. Explain how the shape of the skin cells and neurons are appropriate for their function.
22. What does the DNA in our cells “dictate”?
Biology Lesson - 2,3,&6th periods - Wed 9/3 & Thurs 9/4 - Cells Alive
September 2, 2008
CellsAlive Internet Questions
Do Questions #2,4,6,8. Copy the questions and the one correct answer.
Go to www.cellsalive.com
Click on Cell Biology. Click on How Big is a …? Click on E.coli next to the picture.
1. How big is E. coli? About _______ micro___________.
2. Click on Ebola virus. How big is Ebola virus? About ________ nano____________.
3. A micrometer is 1/1,000,000th of a meter. A nanometer is 1/1000th of a micrometer.
So a nanometer is 1/______________th of a meter.
4. Click Back. Go to Cell Models. What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? (whch ones are larger? Which have special mechanisms for packaging and transport?)
5. Click on Plant Cell. Copy the drawing of the plant cell in your notebook.
6. a. The nucleus contains the _________.
b. The DNA is similar in every cell of the body, but some genes are turned on or off in different cells. True or False?
7. a. What are the two different kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
b. The rough ER appears rough due to presence of ___________________.
c. Smooth ER is important in the making of ______________
and membrane _______________.
d. Rough ER is important in the making of other _______________.
8. What is the function of the mitochondria?
9. What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
10. a. The cell membrane is a double layer of ______________.
b. What is the function of the cell membrane?
c. What are the three kinds of proteins in the cell membrane?
11. a. Which types of cells have cell walls?
b. What is the function of the cell wall?
12. What is the function of the chloroplast?
13. There are generally more lysosomes in plant cells compared to animal cells. True or False?
14. Go to Take a Quiz. Click on Quiz on Cell Biology. Do only #1,5,6,7. Copy all the questions and answers in your notebook. (only the right answer).
